How does harmonic distortion affect electrical systems?

Harmonic distortion negatively impacts electrical systems primarily by causing overheating and potential damage to equipment. In electrical systems, harmonics are voltage or current waveforms that deviate from the ideal sine wave shape. These distortions are often generated by non-linear loads such as computers, variable frequency drives, and other electronic devices.

When harmonics are present, they can create additional heat in electrical components such as transformers and motors due to increased losses in the system. This overheating can lead to premature failures, reduced lifespan of equipment, and in some cases, catastrophic damage such as insulation breakdown or fire hazards.

Furthermore, harmonic distortion can also lead to issues such as resonance, increased losses in conductors, malfunctioning of protective devices, and misoperation of sensitive electronic equipment. Addressing harmonic distortion typically involves corrective measures such as the introduction of harmonic filters, proper equipment sizing, or design improvements in electrical systems to minimize these effects and enhance reliability.